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می خوام در ابتدا درباره منافع electric vehicle در سیتم ها carsharing صحبت کنه و بعد از challenge هاش مخصوصا درباره infrastructural challenges و در اخر از این challenge ها استفاده کنه که بگه infrastructural design مهم هست
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The transportation sector is on the threshold of a new era marked by the widespread adoption of electric vehicle (EV) technologies. Thanks to persistent improvements in battery and electric power train technologies over the years and the rapidly advancing new transportation trends that support electric-mobility (e-mobility), such as shared mobility and auton- omy, consumer demand is starting to shift in favor of electrified vehicles, which have a strong disruption potential (Morgan Stanley Research, 2017; International Energy Agency, 2017). To prepare for the upcoming e-mobility revolution, governments and automakers are stepping up their investments in the EV recharging infrastructure (Morgan Stanley Research, 2016; 2017; International Energy Agency, 2017). Several subsidy plans have been introduced by governments all over the world to sup- port infrastructure investments scaling up to billions of dollars (International Energy Agency, 2017). Such a strong motivation to accomplish a wide scale infrastructure nstruction (in the most cost efficient manner) gives rise to research problems that investigate optimal placements of the recharging infrastructure, which is the topic of this study



There is a growing trend of providing carsharing services us- ing Electric Vehicles (EVs) because of the environmental bene- fits involved. EVs contribute to reducing local air pollution, and if aligned with clean energy practices, can contribute significantly to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (Yang, Dong, Lin Hu, 2016). According to a stated preference survey conducted in Ko- rea, it is believed that CO2 emissions could be reduced to as much as 655,773 ton per year if the number of EV charging stations reaches 50% of the current number of Internal Combustion En- gine Vehicles (ICEV) fuel stations (Jung Koo, 2018). Therefore, one-way electric carsharing offers significant environmental ben- efits compared with its internal combustion engine counterpart. However, it presents significantly greater challenges for both oper- ational decision-making and strategic planning for carsharing sys- tems owing to station-based demand-supply imbalances and the limited battery capacity of EVs (Firnkorn Muller, 2015; Lu, Yan Huang, 2018; Zhang, Liu He, 2019).


The environmental and social benefits of car sharing can be further enhanced by using electric vehicles (EVs) (Green, 2009). EVs reduce our dependence on depletable fossil fuels, produce zero tailpipe emissions and thus bring minimum pollution to urban areas. Even considering the life-cycle emissions generated from the corresponding electricity plants, the overall impact to the air quality is much less than that from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles (Wang et al., 2005). The social and environmental benefits will be further magnified if renewable energy sources are used to power EVs. In addition, on the end user side, unit-distance cost of an EV is significantly lower than that of an ICE vehicle (Valdes-Dapena, 2008), and the fixed vehicle cost is steadily decreasing as the battery technologies evolve and massive production brings economies of scale (Vlasic, 2013). The adoption of EVs, though slow for private vehicles (e.g., due to range anxiety), is expected to become prevalent if EVs and car sharing can be well integrated (King et al., 2013).



A possibility to overcome the rapid exhaustion of fossil fuels and therefore to decrease the emissions of greenhouse gases is the increased usage of electric-powered ve- hicles (EVs), premised that the electric power comes from clean energy sources (Granovskii et al., 2006). The fact that the market-share of EVs was extremely low (0.1%) compared to the number of all passenger vehicles worldwide in 2015 underlines their potential (International Energy Agency, 2016). However, a major disadvantage of EVs is the large amount of time needed for recharging them compared to the amount of time needed to refuel conventional vehicles, and the lack of (private) charging stations in urban areas, which impedes the growth of privately held EVs. A successful implementation of car-sharing systems that utilize EVs, i.e., electric car-sharing systems, may help overcome the aforementioned environmental challenges as they combine the advantages of car-sharing and electric vehicles. Operators or cities supporting electric car-sharing systems must, however, address difficult strategic questions before possibly opening their business. Besides selecting an appropriate mode and area of operation, these particularly include the question of where to build charging stations at which cars can be recharged while not used by customers. Additional aspects that shall be considered include the number of purchased cars and their (initial) distribution over the operational area in order to best meet customer demands. To this end, several car-sharing concepts are known, which we summarize in the following paragraph where we also address the question of their applicability to electric car-sharing systems

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